The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has developed a research plan to advance understanding of Down syndrome and to speed development of new treatments for the condition, which is the most frequent genetic cause of mild to moderate intellectual disability, with associated medical problems. The plan sets research goals for the next 10 years that build upon earlier research advances fostered by the NIH. The plan was developed by working groups of NIH scientists, including two of the panelists for this Forum, Drs. Dykens and Hodapp.